Absolute Measurement: are measurements of fixed values. For example, a millimeter is a precisely defined increment of a centimeter. All absolute measurements are expressed in finite terms that cannot be altered.
Relative Measurements: type is defined by a series of relative measurements. Ems and ens for example are relative measurements that have no prescribed absolute size. their size is relative to the size of the type that is being set.
Point: The point is the unit of measurement used to measure the type size of a font, for example 7pt Impact. This measurement refers to the height of the type block, not the letter itself.
Pica: A Pica is a unit of measurement equal to 12 points that is commonly used for measuring lines of type. There are 6 picas or 72 points in an inch.
The Em: The Em and the relative unit of measurement is used in typesetting to define basic spacing functions, and therefore it is linked to the size of the type. It is a relative measurement in that if the type size increases, so does the size of the em.
The En: The en is a unit of relative measurement equal to half of one em. In a 72 point type, an en would be 36 points.
Legibility: Legibility is the ease with which the eye can identify letters and distinguish one from another. If the letters are easily read, they are illegible, and if they can be read, they are legible. Legibility can greatly vary and is not always as simple.
Rag: Rags occur when highly noticeable shapes form by the line ends of the text blocks that distract from simple, uninterrupted reading. Rags can include exaggerated slopes or noticeable inclines.
Type Alignments:
Flush Left: Type set to an even left margin, giving an uneven or ragged right margin. Good for asymmetry.
Flush Right: Type set to an even right margin, giving an uneven or ragged left margin. Good for setting small bodies of text,captions and so on within asymmetrical layouts.
Centered: Type set on an central axis, with even word spacing and ragged left and right margins. Good for single page layouts.
Justified: A space between the words is adjusted in each line giving even margins on both the left and right. Good for leaving a neat rectangular text area.
Rivers: Rivers typically occur in justified text blocks when the separation of words leaves gaps of white space in several lines. A river effect is created where the white space gaps align through the text.
Word Spacing Ideals: Word spacing, hyphenation and justification functions allows for greater control of word spacing in a text block by controlling the space between words.
Indent: Are a specific space away from the margin. The length of the indent can be related to the size of the type. Indentation provides the reader with an easily accessible entry point to a paragraph.
Leading: is a hot-metal printing term that refers to the strips of lead that were insereted between the text measures in order to space them accurately. Leading is specified in points and refers in modern terms to the space between the lines of text in a text block. Makes legibility better.
Kerning: Automatic adjustments to the spacing of particular letter pairs that would otherwise create disproportionate spaces.
Tracking: Adjusting the overall space between letters, rather than the space between two characters. Also known as letterspacing.
Weight: Typefaces customarily include a choice of weights, from the single bold variant common to most text faces to intermediate weights, such a book, medium, and demi; or extremes, such as black or ultra bold.
Scale: Content may be differentiated through the scale of type, by increases in pint size. A title or subtitle, an introductory paragraph, or pull quote may be differentiated from the main text by being set in a larger size.
Typographic Variation: is the process of clarifying visually for the reader specific kinds of emphasis and prioritization , and to establish consistent distinctions between different kinds of content.
Orphan: is the final one or two lines of a paragraph separated from the main paragraph to form a new column, and should be avoided at all costs.
Widow: a lone word at the end of a paragraph.
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